The database:export command now allows specifying excluding tables with wildcards. E.g. to exclude all cache tables you can use: typo3cms database:export --exclude 'cf_*' --exclude 'cache_*' Thanks to @mbrodala and @Nemo64 for the support!
It has been rewritten as Symfony command. This allowed us to add short option names. So you can also do typo3cms database:export -e 'cf_*' -e 'cache_*' to export without cache tables
It is now possible to specify which configured database connection should be used for export: typo3cms database:export --connection MyConnection
If multiple MySQL connections are configured and no connection option is given, all tables from all connections are exported

Thanks to @marble, the documentation and command reference rendering is much nicer now and features better indexes.

The option --install-steps-config was added to allow to directly specify a configuration file to be used for the installer

Deprecations

The option --exclude-tables for database:export is deprecated. Instead of specifying a comma separated list of tables to be excluded, the new option --exclude should be used multiple times: typo3cms database:export --exclude 'cf_*' --exclude 'cache_*'

Further changes

The full change log can be examined on Github The extension can be found at the TER release page.